source: anr/section-issues.tex

\anrdoc{Décrire le contexte économique, social, réglementaire
 dans lequel se
situe le projet en présentant une analyse des enjeux sociaux, économiques,
environnementaux, industriels
 Donner si possible des arguments chiffrés, par
exemple, pertinence et portée du projet par rapport à la demande économique
(analyse du marché, analyse des tendances), analyse de la concurrence,
indicateurs de réduction de coûts, perspectives de marchés (champs
d’application, 
). Indicateurs des gains environnementaux, cycle de vie.}
%
%
\subsubsection*{The electronic market}
Microelectronic components allow integration of complex functions into products, increases
commercial attractiveness of these products and improves their competitiveness.
\cite{rapport-ministere} estimates a 7\% growth of the micro-electronic market until 2015 at least.
Multimedia and communication sectors have taken advantage from microelectronics facilities
thanks to the development of design methodologies and tools for embedded systems.
Unfortunately, the Non Recurring Engineering (NRE) costs involved in the design
and manufacturing of ASICs is very high.
An IC foundry costs several billions of euros and the fabrication of a specific circuit
costs several millions. For example a conservative estimate for a 65nm ASIC project is 10
millions \$. Consequently, it is more and more unaffordable to design and fabricate ASICs for low and medium 
volume markets and the new trend for building the new generation products will be multi processors SoCs and 
programmable logic for co-processing.
\\
According to a market survey (J-M. Chery, CTO ST Microelectronics at European NanoelectronicsForum 2010), 
the global growth is 30 billion\$ between 2009-2013 for the multimedia and communication sectors; this is 
6 times more than all other domains like security, home automation or health.
The predominance of the multimedia and communication sectors are due to their being predominantly a mass market.
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\subsubsection*{FPGAs and Embedded Systems}
Today, FPGAs become important in the computational domain that was originally dominated
by microprocessors and ASICs. Just like microprocessors, FPGA based systems can be reprogrammed
on a per-application basis. For many applications, FPGAs offer significant performance benefits over
microprocessors implementation. There is still a performance degradation of one order
of magnitude versus an equivalent ASIC implementations, but low cost 
(500 euros to 10K euros), fast time-to-market and flexibility of FPGAs make them an attractive 
choice for low-to-medium volume applications. 
Since their introduction in the mid eighties, FPGAs evolved from a simple, 
low-capacity gate array to devices (\altera STRATIX III, \xilinx Virtex6) that
provide a mix of coarse-grained data path units, memory blocks, microprocessor cores, 
on chip A/D conversion, and gate counts by millions. This high logic capacity allows to implement
complex systems like multi-processors platform with application dedicated coprocessors. 
Table~\ref{fpga_market} shows the estimation of the FPGA worldwide market in the next years in
various application domains. The ``high end'' lines concern only FPGA with high logic
capacity for complex system implementations.
This market is in significant expansion and is estimated to 914\,M\$ in 2012.
%The HPC market size is estimated today by FPGA providers at 214\,M\$. 
%Using FPGA limits the NRE costs to the design cost.
%This boosts the developpment of automatic design tools and methodologies.
%
\begin{table}\leavevmode\center
\begin{small}\begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|l|}\hline
Segment                 & 2010   & 2011    & 2012 \\\hline\hline
Communications          & 1,867  & 1,946   & 2,096 \\
High end                & 467    & 511     & 550 \\\hline
Consumer                & 550    & 592     & 672 \\
High end                & 53     & 62      & 75 \\\hline
Automotive              & 243    & 286     & 358 \\
High end                & -      & -       & - \\\hline
Industrial              & 1,102  & 1,228   & 1,406 \\
High end                & 177    & 188     & 207 \\\hline
Military/Aeronautic     & 566    & 636     & 717 \\
High end                & 56     & 65      & 82 \\\hline\hline
Total FPGA/PLD          & 4,659  & 5,015   & 5,583 \\
Total High-End  FPGA    & 753    & 826     & 914 \\\hline
\end{tabular}\end{small}
\caption{\label{fpga_market} Gartner estimation of worldwide FPGA/PLD consumption (Millions \$)}
\end{table}
\subsubsection*{FPGAs and High Performance Computing}
Today, several companies (Atipa, blue-arc, Bull, Chelsio, Convey, CRAY, DataDirect, DELL, hp, 
Wild Systems, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, Myricom, NEC, nvidia etc) are making systems where demand 
for very high performance (HPC) primes over other requirements. They tend to use the highest 
performing devices like Multi-core CPUs, GPUs, large FPGAs, custom ICs and the most innovative 
architectures and algorithms. These companies show up in different "traditional" applications and market 
segments like computing clusters (ad-hoc), servers and storage, networking and Telecom, ASIC 
emulation and prototyping, military/aeronautic etc. The HPC market size is estimated today by FPGA providers 
at 214\,M\$. 
This market is dominated by Multi-core CPUs and GPUs based solutions and the expansion
of FPGA-based solutions is limited by the lack of design automation.
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\subsubsection*{Evolution of architectures}
Nowadays processors mixing core and programmable matrix are available on the market (eg. Intel ATOM E600C).
Donald Newell, AMD technical manager, envisions that such circuits will be at the heart of most of the electronic 
products (eg. PDAs and nomad items) and even personal computers. 
To take benefit of such architectures, developping and deploying application will require innovative 
codesign methods and tools.

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\subsubsection*{COACH's contribution to this evolution}
Nowadays, there are no commercial or academic tools covering the whole design flow
from the system level specification to the bitstream generation, either for embedded system design
or for HPC. 
\begin{center}\begin{minipage}{.9\linewidth}\textit{
The aim of the COACH project is to integrate all these design steps into a single design framework
and to allow \textbf{pure software} developers to design embedded systems.
}\end{minipage}\end{center}
%
The COACH project proposes an open-source framework for mapping multi-tasks software applications
on Field Programmable Gate Array circuits (FPGA).
Its aim is to propose solutions to the societal/economical challenges by
providing industrials using FPGAs and in particular SMEs novel design
capabilities enabling them to increase their design productivity with design
exploration and synthesis methods that are placed on top of the state-of-the-art
methods.
We believe that the combination of a design environment dedicated to software developers
and FPGA targets,
will allow small and even very small companies to propose embedded system and accelerating solutions 
for standard software applications with attractive and competitive prices.
This new market may explode in the same way as the micro-computer market in the eighties,
whose success was due to the low cost of the first micro-processors (compared to main frames) 
and the advent of high level programming languages which allowed a high number of programmers 
to launch start-ups in software engineering.
\\
So this may increase the total
number of engineers working in this domain: today in France the total is only 26,000 of which 
16,000 are in big companies \cite{rapport-ministere}.